Assays

Nine patients per group were treated with either acitretin or vehicle control. Cerebrospinal fluid was collected before (baseline value) and after treatment. A volume of 5 µL of CSF per sample was subjected to proteolytic digestion in 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate with 0.1% sodium deoxycholate (Sigma Aldrich, Germany) as previously described (Pigoni et al., 2016). Briefly, protein disulfide bonds were reduced with dithiothreitol and sulfhydryl residues were alkylated using iodoacetamide. Proteins ...

Samples for mass spectrometry were obtained from 8- to 9-week-old, male mice. Mitochondria were immunopurified from cerebellum according to the described protocol with the alteration that the final mitochondrial pellet was washed twice in IB without EDTA and BSA. Sample were lysed in 100 µL SDT lysis buffer (4% w:v SDS, 100 mM DTT in 100 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.6) by heating for 5 min at 95°C and ultrasonication (Vialtweeter: 6 times for 30 s, 100% Amplitude, 50% cycle, max power; Hielscher Ultrasonics). ...

Microglia isolated by MACS from WT and Myd88-/- mouse pups were seeded at a density of 1×106 cells per 60-mm dish in DMEM/FCS/L929 medium. After 2 DIV, microglia were washed with warm DMEM/pyruvate medium and treated with 20 µg/mL myelin debris (or HEPES control) in 2 mL of TIC medium for 4 h. After treatment, the cells were washed with DMEM/pyruvate medium, and incubated with 4 mL of DMEM containing 0.2% BSA for 16 h. The cells in each dish were washed with 2 mL of cold PBS on ice, and lysed ...

2 x 108 wild-type or Tspan15-knockout HEK-293T cells were lysed in 1% digitonin lysis buffer containing protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma-Aldrich). Lysates were pre-cleared with protein G sepharose prior to immunoprecipitation with Tspan15 mAb 1C12 chemically cross-linked to protein G sepharose with dimethyl pimelimidate (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Five independent immunoprecipitations were carried out for each cell type. Immunoprecipitation samples in non-reducing Laemmli buffer were subjected ...

Primary microglia were isolated from mouse brains (cerebrum) using MACS Technology (Miltenyi Biotec) according to manufacturer´s instructions and as previously described (Daria et al., 2017). Briefly, brain cerebrum was dissected, freed from meninges and dissociated by enzymatic digestion using a Neural Tissue Dissociation Kit P (Miltenyi Biotec) and subsequent mechanical dissociation using 3 fire-polished glass Pasteur pipettes of decreasing diameter. CD11b positive microglia were magnetically ...

The neurons were lysed direct on the plate in RIPA lysis buffer using a cell scraper. The lysate was transferred into a fresh Eppendorf tube and undissolved material was removed by centrifugation for 5 min at 20,000 g and 4°C. A protein assay was performed and 15 µg of protein were subjected to proteolytic digestion with the SP3 protocol. Proteins were reduced by addition of 9 µL of 200 mM dithiothreitol (Biozol, Germany) in 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate and incubation for 30 min at 37°C. Cysteine ...

LUHMES cell culture LUHMES cells were cultured and differentiated as described previously (Sholz et al., 2011). 0.5 Million undifferentiated LUHMES (unLUHMES) cells were seeded into a Poly-D-Lysine coated 6-well containing growth media (DMEM F12, 1% N2 Supplement, 0.04 µg/mL bFGF) and harvested at day three in vitro. The live cell count was around 1 Million cells using Trypan blue and an automated cell counter (Biorad). For differentiation, 1 Million unLUHMES were seeded into a Poly-D-Lysine ...